Free Essays on Legal Issue Of Contract Law And Evidence In Ecommerce

, in the case of an e-mail, when your message leaves your server and goes out into the "ether" is when the message was dispatched. As another example, for a form filled out and sent fr... Free Essays on Legal Issue Of Contract Law And Evidence In Ecommerce Free Essays on Legal Issue Of Contract Law And Evidence In Ecommerce The IT revolution in the past few years has taken the whole world by storm, at the forefront of which is the Internet an its various applications. It has become a major player in the business world today and the revenue generated through commercial websites sums up to almost 87 billion dollars per anum on an average. The rise in Ecommerce has given rise to crimes on the internet as well, ranging from piracy, theft, fraud and misrepresentation. This steep rise in electronic crimes has provoked lawmakers to create laws in order to protect the consumers and companies on the internet so that Ecommerce may prosper and grow. This paper discusses the legal issue of â€Å"Contract Law and Evidence† in Ecommerce. General principles The general principles include that the parties must intend to form a contract, must show that intention in a way that would normally be understood as forming a contract by the parties and by anyone observing the parties, and there must be agreement on the essential terms of the contract Contract Formation in general 1. A contract for sale of goods may be made in any manner sufficient to show agreement, including conduct by both parties which recognizes the existence of a contract. 2. An agreement sufficient to constitute a contract for sale may be found even though the moment of its making is undetermined. 3. Even though one or more terms are left open, a contract for sale does not fail for indefiniteness if the parties intended to make a contract and there is a reasonably certain basis for giving an appropriate remedy. When is communication dispatched ? Under both instruments, a communication is dispatched when it departs the information system designated for electronic communication. In other words, in the case of an e-mail, when your message leaves your server and goes out into the "ether" is when the message was dispatched. As another example, for a form filled out and sent fr...

Sideways and Clockwise

Sideways and Clockwise Sideways and Clockwise Sideways and Clockwise By Maeve Maddox A reader seeks to understand two uses of the English word wise: Can you please suggest how can  we use the word wise. The meaning of wise is related to wisdom (Having or prompted by wisdom or discernment).    But some times I use this when some thing needs to be done in a way. for e.g. day wise, company wise, team wise and so on. Old English had two similarly spelled words derived from the same ProtoGermanic source: wis: learned, wise wise: manner, way It also had two verbs from the same source: witan: to know wisian: to direct or to guide The word wise in the sense of manner survived in two suffix forms: -wise and -ways, giving us such words as always, sideways, likewise and otherwise. Heres Fowlers note on these suffixes: 1. The ending -ways or occasionally -way, is often used indifferently with -wise, is very seldom the only form without one in -wise by its sideperhaps only in always. 2. In a few established words, -wise is alone, esp. clockwise, coastwise, likewise, otherwise, sunwise. 3. In other established words both forms are used, as breadth-, broad-, end-, least-, length-, long-, no-, side-, slant-. 4. In words made for the occasion from nouns, as in Use it clubwise or pokerwise, Go crabwise or frogwise, Worn cloakwise or broochwise or chainwise . . , -wise is now much the commoner. Fowler was writing about 80 years ago, but his observations remain valid. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?Mankind vs. Humankind

Cohabitation before marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cohabitation before marriage - Essay Example Most of the students in this age are potentially dating a fellow or is considering to. The high school students have a higher chance of advancing to the college levels where cohabitation largely takes root. If you still deliberating, is it essential to prepare in advance for a looming dwell or do so when the challenge actually arrives? The wise will consider advance preparation for the dwell; in this case the dwell being marriage and preparation being cohabitation. III. Credibility: Research by the Council of Contemporary Families indicate that partners who start to cohabit in their college years demonstrate a higher chance of leading a successful marriage than those who never attempt to make such effort early enough. Among randomly selected 200 participants who qualified the set conditions for a successful marriage, 164 (82%) stated having tried cohabiting during their college days with only 36 (18%) indicating they attempted cohabiting in later years after completing colleges. Among the 164 participants who tried cohabiting in college years, 73 were male and 91 female. a. Can you really know someone that well as to commit without living with them? I bet no; living together is the certainly the ultimate test of knowing your partner before committing. Cohabitation tests the ability of partners to tolerate each other on various aspects including the ability to survive through charming elements of cohabiting. It tests the compatibility of the partners particularly through their abilities to resolve the arguments and conflicts of interests. For the college students who cohabit, they are exposed to the realities of commitments early enough. Young couples are able to drop the preconceptions of the ideal relationships that they watch in movies and face realities of life. b. If a young couple can learn to love even after the realization that all aspects of relationships are not always fun, then they can be assured of a

Do you consider that there still is an identifiable British working Essay

Do you consider that there still is an identifiable British working class fiction - Essay Example An identifiable British working class fiction is still identifiable but society has changed perceptively since the World War One which considerably altered definitions and perceptions of this status. Through the texts Lucky Jim (1954) by Kinsley Amis, The Girls of Slender Means (1963) by Muriel Spark, Money (1984) by Martin Amis and Regeneration (1991) by Pat Barker, I will illustrate the differences in perception and characteristics authors use to clarify definitions through their main protagonists, as well as show other examples of working class fiction. First, it is imperative to present a universally accepted definition of what a working class is and what makes it identifiable. The idea of class structure is comprised of a triangular shape2, the lower base of this model represents the working class these are people who carry out minor jobs (labourers, mine workers, farmers) and are not professionally academic. E.P. Thompson stated that the British working class was excluded from the privileges of education, "fundamental rights3" and a better lifestyle. Many of these human rights are distinguished clearly through the novels: several of these attainments that the individuals lacked can be seen as a "mass political movement" progressing to a positive view of working class. Lucky Jim (1954) began this movement after Kingsley Amis, part of the 'Angry Young Men4' group of writers, wrote this classic. In the 1950s, the chance of a university education had given more people, more working and middle class young people the opportunity to avail of higher education. But Jim is neither intellectual nor very ambitious to progress in his chosen field, yet he seeks acceptance by the 'establishment5' (higher class people). Although humorous, the book shows how he really wants that acceptance and the money, status and power that go with it. He knows, cynically, that a boy from a grammar school has little chance; his working class background stands in the way of his progress. Amis is witty, but a cynical realist, with satire and black comedy. His dialogue is excellent for bringing characters and places to life, as is his descriptive power.In the novel The Girls of Slender Means (1963) Spark seems to portray people trying to tolerate 'genteel poverty6' by making light of it all. But it is a vivid picture of civilian suffering as a result of World War Two. The May of Teck club seems to be a place where they try to maintain a facade, but it reflects that every class is suffering, with little material wealth or comfort. It highlights the status of women as workers in their own right and the changes in their status brought about by war.Furthermore Martin Amis's novel Money (1984) deals with the concept of British working class in a modern-day perspective. He employs the concept here that money is dirty, but the world is driven to acquire it because of the power and status it brings. The preface of the book (subtitled A Suicide Note) should be read first as a warning to all. Everything about money and business is linked to a loss of a working ethic. His uncle, who worked very hard, is an example of a working class person who no matter how he tried, failed. Self is admonishing us on how random the acquisition of wealth is, and how addictive and corrup tive it is. Amis uses postmodernist techniques as the author puts himself into the narrative at times. He wants to give shape to the

The nature of God Essay Example for Free

The nature of God Essay Explain what the creation reveals about the nature of God (35) Question B). To what extent is God responsible for everything in creation? (10) Answer A). Parts of God’s nature and attributes are revealed and shown in the Creation Story of Genesis. The first being Creatio Ex Nihilo; this is how God created everything out of nothing, however, this attribute is not made completely clear in Genesis as it could be perceived as God shaping and calming the chaos that was already there. This questions whether God is a Craftsman as he would have used materials already in existence. God as Creator is another attribute portrayed in the beginning of the creation story, meaning that God created the world deliberately – therefore you cannot make something if you already have it. However, for Augustine these attributes are so far to be recognised as God must also be transcendent to being eternal as this would mean he is outside time and space, therefore making Creatio Ex Nihilo possible. When God begins creation, both omnipotence and perfection are shown. God says ‘let there be light’ and then there is light – whatever God commands becomes into existence. And then Genesis says that it was Good, showing that whatever God commands is perfect. It also shows God’s goodness, God is the highest standard of good and therefore whatever he commands is good. God created the world as an act of love showing omnibenevolence , he is an all-loving creature and created the world for us to live in. (27/35) Answer B). To an extent, God is responsible for everything in creation because he created the world; everything, and everyone in existence which shows that his power is now a consequence of that. Using the analogy of ‘creating a gun, is just as bad as shooting someone’ some people may argue that God created the gun even as an act of love, is the sole blame for all the bad and evil in the world. They may also argue that as God is omniscient as he would be able to see all of the bad that will come from creating the world and yet still chose to create the gun anyway. However, Christians may criticise this view with the fact that God gave us free will and therefore cannot be blamed for all the evil in the world. Some may argue that although God saw all the bad that would come from creating the world he also saw all the good that has happened, and is yet to come. Also, some Christians believe that God created the world and then left, so although he all created the world as an act of love and stewardship, he left it for us to look after – as our own responsibility and so cannot be blamed. On the hand to no extent is God responsible for everything in creation because Atheist would argue that God doesn’t exist and so plays no part in what happens in the world. However Christians would disagree with this. In conclusion, I believe God is responsible to extent for everything in creation because he created everything knowing what will come of it, but also gave us free will, and may have seen all the possibilities of this. Overall though, I don’t know if God exists so he could not be responsible what-so-ever. (7/10)

The Message of Rip Van Winkle Essays -- Rip Van Winkle Essays

Rip looked, and beheld a precise counterpart of himself, --[It appears Rip has seen an exact mirror-image of himself--the way others have always perceived him]-- as he went up the mountain--[This was the way he was before his "sleep," or journey up the mountain]--: apparently as lazy, and certainly as ragged--[Before he encountered the party on the mountain, he was a casual, rough and lazy person]--. The poor fellow was now completely confounded--[It appears to everyone that Rip Jr. was confused in his thoughts, however, just as Rip Sr. was, he knew exactly what was going through his head--it appeared he had a plan for everything]--. He doubted his own identity, and whether he was himself or another man--[I believe Rip underwent some type of self realization and was beginning to realize this change--wondering whether he was the same old Rip, or the newer, more aware Rip]--. In the midst of his bewilderment, --[I'm trying to figure out here whether Rip was just very confused with what was going on in seeing his son, or whether he's still drunk and in a "daze."]-- the man in the cocked hat demanded who he was, and what was his name?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "God knows,--[God is the only person at this time who knows what/who Rip is. Rip doesn't know, his son doesn't know, nobody knows except God himself]--" exclaimed he, at his wit's end; "I'm not myself-I'm somebody else-that's me yonder-no-that's somebody else, got into my shoes--[He sees that he has passed along his traits to his son, and his son has taken over Rip's identity and habits. We "grow" into other's shoes]-- -I was myself last night, but I fell asleep on the mountain, and they've changed my gun, and every thing's changed, and I'... ...ters closest to his heart and guide his family, what's left of it, and give it some direction to go in. He has slept away the past twenty years of his life, and more than likely-in a sense, slept through many years before he ever climbed the mountain. It is time to wake up and deal with the issues at hand and correct any mistakes or act upon any awakenings he may have had involving his regrets in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If there is one thing Rip Van Winkle has to offer to us I think it is to pay attention to ourselves. As many of us often do, we get to wrapped up in other's affairs and don't deal with our own lives. We tend to strive for perfection in everyone else's life and lack in our own. Rather that sleep away so many years and let time take its toll on us and those we love, we must act now and be a little more selfish in caring for ourselves.

Aesthetic Values and Objects Essay

1.When looking at the differences between cultural, natural, and truly aesthetic objects, it’s relatively easy to define each in their own ways. Cultural objects differ from natural objects in the sense that cultural objects have been placed in an artistic manner by, and for the human population, whereas natural objects are in the most basic term, objects placed by nature for no other external reason. For instance, a bed of rocks laying among a path, strewn out for an artistic affect is considered a cultural object, where bedrock randomly strewn across a certain area, without being altered by a person or persons, is considered a natural object. In other words, a tree, planted and grown naturally is considered a natural aesthetic object. A table, in its own right, will be a cultural object, as it is used for mankind’s benefit, and also used for artistic effect is considered cultural; whereas a wooden sculpture will be considered aesthetic in its nature as a purely artist ic object. What all these objects have in common is the fact that all consists out of wood, and that all can be considered as either natural, cultural, or truly aesthetic objects. 2.Aesthetics is not easily definable when looking at the different values that can be used to describe the object in question. There are two different forms of aesthetic value namely Inherent and Consequential value. If an object has value in, and for itself, it is considered as Inherent value. Pleasure, for instance, has inherent value because please is sought in and for itself. If an object has value because of its consequences, it has consequential value. This involves anything from an action or a still-standing object meant for something. Friendship, for instance, is consequential because we value it because it a means of pleasure, and not necessarily pleasure itself. A popular saying goes: â€Å"to each his own,† and that is exactly the problem it comes down to when attempting to define the aesthetic. As explained in study guide, whatever reason I would consider something to be interesting and beautiful could be used by someone else to define the exact opposite. For instance, I would say that a movie’s vehicle chase scenes were the scenes that made the movie as incredible as it is, but then a friend of mine would mention that it was those exact scenes that made the movie too boring to bare. By merely saying â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder† one has to ask â€Å"what is the definition of beauty†, and it is there where everyone else seem to have different opinions. Marcia Eaton manages to explain this point by giving the following examples: â€Å"What a movie – one car chase after another!† â€Å"I know, I was bored to death.† and â€Å"The lyrics were so romantic!† â€Å"Yes, that’s exactly why they were so sentimental.† We all have different opinions, based somewhat on the different kinds of cultural backgrounds we have, and how we were raised. This is another factor that has to be considered when we are trying to understand one-another’s aesthetic value towards certain objects. 3.Certain conditions have to be met when applying aesthetic value to certain objects. First, one has to consider if the object truly is cultural, or natural. After that has been considered, you have to think of the reason why the object in question appeals to you the way it does. The problem of defining the aesthetic is what concerns us here. Like all definitions this problem is bound with the criteria for the application of defenitions. This means specifying the conditions for when it is justified to apply the concept of â€Å"aesthetic† to any particular object. – [THL801-U/1/2008-2010] A necessary condition is a condition that must be met for the concept to be applied. For example, a necessary condition for something to be a horse is that it is an animal. A sufficient condition is a condition which, if met, alone suffices for the concept to be applied. For example, a sufficient condition for something to be an animal is that it is an animal. Some conditions can either be necessary and sufficient, or sufficient but not necessary, or even necessary but not sufficient. In other words, the definition of a concept is to give its meaning, and to give its meaning tells us what condition the object must meet for the concept to apply to it.

Portfolio Models Essay

The use of portfolio models in marketing has been gaining increasing use since 1960s. The portfolio models were developed with the aim of helping in the development of market share and growth. These models have been used as strategic thinking model in the making of business decision. These models include BCG, General electric/shell, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models. Each model has been criticized on the capabilities and according to its scope on market share. These models have been found to lead to the wrong decision in investment and other business processes. The portfolio models assume a causal relationship between the market share and the profitability of a product in the market. The common scope of portfolio models is the way it tries to ignores some of the most relevant strategic issues in business. Therefore, all models cannot be taken as an effective strategic decision making model. It should however be discarded or it should be used with caution. This paper does not recommend the use of portfolio models and an alternative way should be sought to replace this. Introduction Portfolio models can be defined as a method or strategy in which a new product will be introduced in the market and perform as it was expected. In the 1960s, there was growing assertion of the use of portfolio models in marketing. There was growing interest on the development of market share and growth strategy which later came to be known as marketing portfolio. The BCG matrix, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models and GE/S were meant to achieve the marketing needs especially when introducing new products in the market. They were meant to stimulate strategic thinking especially among the senior marketing executives in the turbulent business environment. However, there has been dysfunction of these models in the way they are taught and the way they are applied in the market. This study will look into the applicability of portfolio models in strategic decision making in marketing. The study will evaluate the view from a number of literature to understand whether the model can really be applied to the decision making process or not. This paper therefore evaluates the available literature which has given an insight into this model to understand how it can be applied in strategic marketing decision. There are other methods that were introduced to give a product a distinctive market share especially when it’s introduced. There are four commonly used methods to approach this matter, the Boston consulting group (BCG), the General electric/shell (GE/S), Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models. Therefore to give the clear meaning of the portfolio model, there is a need to understand how the portfolio models work. The first step to be taken when using the above models is to understand the different business/ marketing strategies of the company. Portfolio models in marketing decisions Portfolio models management generally defines the way business comes up with strategic decision to venture into the market. In this definition, the strategic marketing decision is a method by which marketing ideas are made and implemented in order for a product to have stronger grounds in the market. At any one time, company will be coming up with new product which will need to be introduced to the market in the most successful way. Portfolio models therefore provide the business with important tools for analyzing of the strategic decision to determine their effectiveness in the market (Abell and Hammond, 1979, p. 42). Purpose of portfolio models in strategic decision making in marketing There are mainly four main purpose of using the portfolio models in the strategic marketing decisions which are pursued in portfolio management and must be achieved through any model that is used. These goals include the maximization of portfolio, seeking of the right balance of the available projects, aligning of the portfolio strategically, and aligning the projects to the available resource (Ansoff, 1984, p. 12). Smith and Swinyard (1999, p. 2) also show that portfolio marketing models are important for an organization to assess the overall success of a new product in the market before a lot of money is used in the development of the product. They both call for the use of multiple marketing models in order to achieve the overall success of introducing new products in the market. This will reduce the failure rate of the products and extend their life cycle in the market. (Thomas, 2002, p. 61) The models can also be used as important tools to forecast the level of competition and therefore draw upon effective way of beating this competition. They help to forecast the performance of a product in the market so as to draw up strategies to effectively introduce it in the market. Edgett, Cooper, and Kleinschmidt (2002, p. 2) showed that in order to achieve full development of a new product in the market, there has to be effective portfolio management. There are different types of portfolio models that include the BCG, GE/S, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models. In his review of the portfolio models, Day (1977, p. 32) showed that the use of bubble diagrams had been gaining increasing use in business. Day shows that these models resemble the portfolio models with stars, cash cows, dogs, and others. He showed that these models could be used successfully to forecast the market in the future. Day therefore asserted the role of matrix like Boston matrix in marketing. The Boston matrix could be used to show four quadrants as has been shown by Day and corresponding strategies which could be used in each quadrant. However Day criticizes the matrix on the sense that it is too narrow on its scope. He asserts that the BCG matrix has a narrow focus on the market share of the product. On the other hand Morrison and Wensley (1991, p. 106) provided an insight into the portfolio planning models as used in making business decision. They asserted that the use of BCG matrix in portfolio management is inhibited by difficulties in measurement of the rate of market growth and the relative market share of the product. This is due to a number of reasons. They gave the most prominent reason being the fact that market boundaries are often very difficult to fix which meant the different matrix methods will give different recommendations for a given situation. Therefore they argue that the common scope of BCG matrix in a way ignores some of the most relevant strategic issues in business. Though these other models are not as famous as BCG, Day still argues that use of them could also lead to success in the market. Day advocated and recommended the use of Porters competitiveness that he viewed to have higher possibilities of success than other models if its well implemented. It is commonly used in an already operating business with other products in the market. The experience curve can only be help to the company that has been in the market for sometime with a different product. The experience that the company has gained in the given period will determine the strength of the company in the market. This has been used by several companies like coca-cola in the introduction their mineral water. It would be hard for a company that has not been doing well in the market to succeed with the new product. They showed that Boston matrix was a technique for one season and not for all the season. This is because its popularity and use increased in the 1960s and 1970s and then plummeted due to the challenges faced in the market. They showed that the single chart could be successfully used to determine the growth potential and the competitive strength of a product in the market but this has rapidly changed with time. Armstrong and Brodie (1994, p. 38) evaluation on the applicability of the Boston matrix concluded that the use of the matrix to guide investors often would result to wrong decision through the use of BCG. General Electric and Shell, Porters competitive models are designed for long term use in the market, once the product has been introduced in the market, the models techniques still continues to support the product through the entire life in the market. Whichever model is used, it has to be used for entire life of the company because no other model will fit without altering the companies business especially when the company is introducing new product in the market. Although they based their study on a small number of graduates in a class, they gave a further warning against the use of the matrix in a simple mind. Armstrong and Brodie (1994, p. 3) carried out a study on the effect of the portfolio planning methods on the overall decision making process. Their study pointed out the weakness in the use of BCG matrix in making strategic decision in an organization. Their study revealed that the use of BCG matrix in making investment decisions was highly likely to lead to unprofitable investment while Robert and Merton (1989, p. 210) advocates that the implementation of other models instead of matrix were intended for lifetime decision making. If not well implemented, there is a probability of causing life time losses and would be hard to recover unless the product is withdrawn from the market. Each model has some weaknesses bas they are exposed out in the way models assume a casual relationship between the market share and the profitability of a product in the market. Morison and Wesley (1991, p. 26) also pointed out lack of consistency in the use of the portfolio models in determining market growth and profits. These studies give varied views on the use of Boston matrix, GE/S, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models in making marketing decision. They all seem to point out on the weaknesses of these models in light of their theory and application. There are other ways a business can prosper other than using portfolio models. The strategies used in introducing the product in the market is all that matters, portfolios are just to give the business a rough idea on how to approach the marketing matter but not to give a conclusive tread which the business should follow. Conclusion Portfolio models are applied in portfolio management. They are applied in management to make strategic marketing decision. Though they had gained increasing use in different times, they have some weaknesses that are fatal to the welfare of the business in future. On the other hand they may give a rough idea on how to approach the market issues and on how to introduce the new product in the market. In all portfolios, not is able to predict the growth and the profit margins or losses on the other hand for the product, thus making them less important tool for the marketing. However the use of models should be discarded and there be implemented new strategies that would be able to address the issues of the business on long term and in both growth and revenues that are likely to be gained by the introduced product. Recommendations: The use of portfolio models is not recommended and if they have to be used, they must be implemented with great caution. None of all models has proofed an effective strategic decision making in regard to the marketing issues. It should however be discarded or it should be used with caution. This paper does not recommend the use of portfolio models and an alternative way should be sought to replace this.

Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Essays

Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Essays Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Essay Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Essay The poem Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan is about a young girl called Monzia Alvi, which additionally is the writer. She emphasises about her clothes and jewellery that her aunts have sent over from Pakistan. In her writing conveys an image of self-confidence and ambivalent about her self.  The structure and language of this poem is spread out across the page to make the reader read the poem slowly. The have to read it loud as well to emphasis the image and to give a better feel and understanding. For example  I longed for denim and corduroy This is read slowly to create an image to the reader that she is sad or homesick and ambivalent.  However the language is a sequence of personal memories. It could be seen as repetition because she brings us back to the image of her memorise and sadness of her culture or background. The poet is clever because she illustrates that she can contrast her images to sadness and homesick for example  But often I admired the mirror-work  tried to glimpse myself in the miniature  glass circles, recall the story how the  three of us sailed to England  This shows or conveys that she is homesick and confused, but her clothes remind her of her culture and reminiscing on her good times she had with her aunts. However she gives an imagery of her clothing or traditional name for example   Salwar Kameez  This is an example of the type of clothing that she wares. In the first stanza Alvi describes how she receives her two Salwar Kameezes outfits. She uses colours and references to food to describe the beautiful vivid colours that appeal to the reader, with the second Salwar Kameez she uses sensual imagery and it is described in a more intense way; Like an orange split open symbolizes how she feels as if she is being split between the two cultures and the plosive in split stresses the sense of division within Alvi. She also expresses how similar to oranges, she feels she has to appear tough on the outside but she feels weak on the inside and has to put on a front. The colours of fruits in the fabrics add to the fact that the clothing is fresh, vivid and vibrant. The clothing is lush, luxury rich in colours which are traditional in India and compared to British clothing seem striking and beautiful. The use of bold and flamboyant colours such as peacock-blue is a good comparison; the peacock is a bird that is native to India and a very decorative animal. Like the bird, Alvi feels that when she wears these clothes she is on show just as the bird is when it walks around showing off its beautifully marked feathers. Alvi however feels unworthy of such beauty as she thinks she is not truly Pakistani. Alvi tells us that the style of the salwar trousers move in and out of fashion just as the fashions change in England and this increases her confusion as she is not truly Pakistani The aunts send Alvi some oriental pointed slippers, which are magnificently described as gold and black. The colours are rich, expensive and almost royal kind but, although they are very decorative, the slippers are extremely impractical for our culture and climate and would be of no use in England. The embossed part suggests that her past is also imprinted onto her life, just like scars which are a deep and a hurtful reminder of who she truly is.  Alvi goes on to talk about her colourful jewellery. Candy-striped bangles  Snapped, drew blood.  The candy appeals to our senses using food imagery but the image is tainted as the bangles are exquisite but a painful and constant reminder of her culture and past life. The bangles broke and drew blood and this seems as though the snapping of the bangles is symbolic of how her life in Pakistan was broken off like a branch off a tree in a storm and the items are hurtful as they constantly suggest she does not deserve such beautiful jewellery. In the stanza two I tried each satin silk top relates to how Alvi attempted to try on the clothes, but they did not suit her at all especially within her Western surroundings, she just did not blend into the scene. The british and Indian influences definitely conflict and there is no possible way she believes they could come together. The Indian clothes absolutely stand out, clashing with the typical British sitting room as this makes her feel almost like an alien in her own home despite her efforts.

Sustainable Development - Design and Build Without Harm

Sustainable Development - Design and Build Without Harm Sustainable development is a general belief that all human endeavors should promote the longevity of the planet and its inhabitants. What architects call the built environment should not harm the Earth or deplete its resources. Builders, architects, designers, community planners, and real estate developers strive to create buildings and communities that will neither deplete natural resources nor negatively impact the Earths functioning. The goal is to meet todays needs using renewable resources so that the needs of future generations will be provided for. Sustainable development attempts to minimize greenhouse gases, reduce global warming, preserve environmental resources, and provide communities that allow people to reach their fullest potentials. In the field of Architecture, sustainable development also has been known as sustainable design, green architecture, eco-design, eco-friendly architecture, earth-friendly architecture, environmental architecture, and natural architecture. The Brundtland Report In December 1983, Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, a physician and the first woman Prime Minister of Norway, was asked to chair a United Nations commission to address a global agenda for change. Brundtland has become known as the mother of sustainability since the 1987 release of the report, Our Common Future. In it, sustainable development was defined and became the basis of many global initiatives. Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs....In essence, sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development; and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.- Our Common Future, United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 Sustainability in the Built Environment When people construct things, many processes take place to actualize the design. The goal of a sustainable building project is to use materials and processes that will have little impact on the continued functioning of the environment. For example, using local building materials and local laborers limits the pollution effects of transportation. Non-polluting construction practices and industries should have little harm on the land, sea, and air. Protecting natural habitats and remediating neglected or contaminated landscapes can reverse damages caused by previous generations. Any resources used should have a planned replacement. These are characteristics of sustainable development. Architects should specify materials that do not harm the environment at any stage of their life cycle - from first manufacturing to end-of-use recycling. Natural, bio-degradable, and recycled building materials are becoming more and more common. Developers are turning to renewable sources for water and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. Green architecture and eco-friendly building practices promote sustainable development, as do walkable communities, and mixed-use communities that combine residential and commercial activities - aspects of  Smart Growth and the New Urbanism. In their Illustrated Guidelines on Sustainability, the U.S. Department of the Interior suggests that historic buildings are themselves often inherently sustainable because they have lasted to stand the test of time. This does not mean that they cannot be upgraded and preserved.  Adaptive reuse of older buildings and the general use of recycled architectural salvage are also inherently sustainable processes. In architecture and design, the emphasis of sustainable development is on the conservation of environmental resources. However, the concept of sustainable development is often broadened to include the protection and development of human resources. Communities founded on principles of sustainable development may strive to provide abundant educational resources, career development opportunities, and social services. United Nations sustainable development goals are inclusive. United Nations Goals The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution on September 25, 2015 that set 17 goals for all nations to strive for by 2030. In this resolution, the notion of sustainable development has been expanded far beyond what architects, designers, and urban planners have focused on - namely Goal 11 in this list.   Each of these goals have targets that encourage worldwide participation: Goal 1. End poverty; 2. End hunger; 3. Good healthy lives; 4. Quality education and lifelong learning; 5. Gender equality; 6 Clean water and sanitation; 7. Affordable clean energy; 8. Decent work; 9. Resilient infrastructure; 10. Reduce inequality; 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable; 12. Responsible consumption; 13. Combat climate change and its impacts; 14. Conserve and sustainably use oceans and seas; 15. Manage forests and halt biodiversity loss; 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies; 17. Strengthen and revitalize global partnership. Even before the U.N.s Goal 13, architects realized that the urban built environment is responsible for most of the worlds fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Architecture 2030 set this challenge for architects and builders - All new buildings, developments, and major renovations shall be carbon-neutral by 2030. Examples of Sustainable Development Australian architect Glenn Murcutt is often held up as an architect who practices sustainable design. His projects are developed for and placed on sites that have been studied for their natural elements of rain, wind, sun, and earth. For example, the roof of the Magney House was designed specifically to capture rainwater for use within the structure. The Villages of Loreto Bay in Loreto Bay, Mexico was promoted as a model of sustainable development. The community claimed to produce more energy than it consumed and more water than it used. However, critics charged that developers claims were overstated. The community eventually suffered financial setbacks. Other communities with good intentions, such as Playa Vista in Los Angeles, have had similar struggles. More successful residential projects are the grassroots Ecovillages being built all over the world. The Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) defines an ecovillage as an intentional or traditional community using local participatory processes to holistically integrate ecological, economic, social, and cultural dimensions of sustainability in order to regenerate social and natural environments. One of the most famous is EcoVillage Ithaca, co-founded by Liz Walker. Finally, one of the most famous success stories is the transformation of a neglected area of London into the Olympic Park for the London 2012 summer Olympic Games. From 2006 until 2012 the Olympic Delivery Authority created by British Parliament oversaw the government mandated sustainability project. Sustainable development is most successful when governments work with the private sector to make things happen. With support from the public sector, private energy companies like Solarpark Rodens will be more likely to put their renewable energy photovoltaic panels where sheep may safely graze  - existing together on the land. Sources Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report), 1987, un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf [accessed May 30, 2016]What is an Ecovillage? The Global Ecovillage Network, http://gen.ecovillage.org/en/article/what-ecovillage [accessed May 30, 2016]Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, The Division for Sustainable Development (DSD), United Nations, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld [accessed November 19, 2017]Architecture 2030, http://architecture2030.org/ [accessed November 19, 2017]

How can we cure the ills of bureaucracy without adding more Essay

How can we cure the ills of bureaucracy without adding more bureaucrats to do the job - Essay Example Another popular solution is to outsource, to hire a private company to do part of the organization’s job. This tends to look more efficient on paper, as it can appear that one is just writing a check to a company and receiving back completed work. In practice, this is rarely any more efficient, as it adds at least one more layer of middlemen to take their time and take their cut, and it depends on the idea that the company doing the work is itself somehow immune to the ills of bureaucracy. Then, too, once the contract is assigned, the incentive on the contracted company is to entrench itself and its contract as firmly as any heirloom system. The best available solution at present seems to be the adoption of low-friction systems and practices—low-friction in the sense of providing little resistance to the free movement of information, goods, money, or personnel. When information can flow freely and unrestricted, the possibilities develop rapidly, because everything else follows information. In times gone by, for example, a long-haul trucker, even one who owned his own truck, was dependent on a company to organize his runs, because managing the information about who needed what hauled to where was a full time job. Now that same trucker can simply log into a database and see available freight jobs for the entire country.